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Ben-Jacob's bacteria
Ben-Jacob's bacteria are two pattern forming social bacteria strains, the ''Paenibacillus dendritiformis'' and the ''Paenibacillus vortex'' discovered in the early 1990s by Eshel Ben-Jacob. These bacteria are widely known for their ability to generate large colonies (with the number of bacteria exceeding many folds the number of people on earth) with highly complex organization.
==''Paenibacillus'' genus==
Ben-Jacob’s bacteria belong to the ''Paenibacillus'' genus comprises facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria originally included within the genus Bacillus and then reclassified as a separate genus in 1993.〔Ash C, Priest FG, Collins MD. Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. Proposal for the creation of a new genus Paenibacillus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1993;64(3-4):253-260.〕 Bacteria belonging to this genus have been detected in a variety of environments such as: soil, water, rhizosphere, vegetable matter, forage and insect larvae, as well as clinical samples.〔Lal S, Tabacchioni S: Ecology and biotechnological potential of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'': a minireview. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49:2-10.〕〔McSpadden Gardener BB: Ecology of ''Bacillus'' and ''Paenibacillus'' spp. in Agricultural Systems. Phytopathology 2004, 94:1252-1258.〕〔Montes MJ, Mercade E, Bozal N, Guinea J: ''Paenibacillus antarcticus'' sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant organism from the Antarctic environment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004, 54:1521-1526.〕〔Ouyang J, Pei Z, Lutwick L, Dalal S, Yang L, Cassai N, Sandhu K, Hanna B, Wieczorek RL, Bluth M, Pincus MR: Case report: ''Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus'': a new cause of human infection, inducing bacteremia in a patient on hemodialysis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2008, 38:393-400.〕 It is mainly found in heterogeneous and complex environments, such as soil and rhizosphere.
In recent years there is an increasing interest in the ''Paenibacillus'' spp. since many were found to be important for industrial, agricultural and medical applications. These bacteria produce various extracellular enzymes such as polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and proteases, which can catalyze a wide variety of synthetic reactions in fields ranging from cosmetics to biofuel production.〔Konishi J, Maruhashi K: 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)benzene sulfinate desulfinase from the thermophilic desulfurizing bacterium ''Paenibacillus'' sp. strain A11-2: purification and characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003, 62:356-361.〕〔Raza W, Yang W, Shen QR: ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'': Antibiotics, Hydrolytic Enzymes and Hazard Assessment. J Plant Pathol 2008, 90:419-430.〕〔Watanapokasin RY, Boonyakamol A, Sukseree S, Krajarng A, Sophonnithiprasert T, Kanso S, Imai T: Hydrogen production and anaerobic decolorization of wastewater containing Reactive Blue 4 by a bacterial consortium of Salmonella subterranea and ''Paenibacillus polymyxa''. Biodegradation 2009, 20:411-418.〕 Various ''Paenibacillus'' spp. also produce antimicrobial substances that affect a wide spectrum of micro-organisms such as fungi, soil bacteria, plant pathogenic bacteria and even important anaerobic pathogens as ''Clostridium botulinium''.〔Dijksterhuis J, Sanders M, Gorris LG, Smid EJ: Antibiosis plays a role in the context of direct interaction during antagonism of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' towards Fusarium oxysporum. J Appl Microbiol 1999, 86:13-21.〕〔Girardin H, Albagnac C, Dargaignaratz C, Nguyen-The C, Carlin F: Antimicrobial activity of foodborne ''Paenibacillus'' and ''Bacillus'' spp. against ''Clostridium botulinum''. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813.〕〔von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, Seldin L: Antimicrobial activity of ''Paenibacillus peoriae'' strain NRRL BD-62 against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2003, 95:1143-1151.〕
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